生物脫硫技術借助微生物的代謝作用，將含硫化合物轉化為無害或易處理的物質，相比傳統化學脫硫，具有能耗低、二次污染少、適用范圍廣等特點，廣泛應用于沼氣凈化、工業尾氣處理、 wastewater 治理等領域，是實現硫化物資源化與無害化的重要綠色技術路徑。

　　Biological desulfurization technology utilizes the metabolic process of microorganisms to convert sulfur-containing compounds into harmless or easily treatable substances. Compared with traditional chemical desulfurization, it has the characteristics of low energy consumption, less secondary pollution, and wide applicability. It is widely used in fields such as biogas purification, industrial exhaust gas treatment, and wastewater treatment, and is an important green technology path to achieve sulfide resource utilization and harmless treatment.

　　生物脫硫的核心原理是微生物的氧化還原反應，不同菌種分工完成硫的轉化。硫氧化細菌是主要功能菌群，在有氧或厭氧條件下，通過呼吸作用將硫化物作為能量來源：在好氧環境中，硫化氫被氧化為單質硫或硫酸根；在厭氧環境中，某些細菌可利用硝酸鹽作為電子受體，將硫化物氧化為硫單質，同時將硝酸鹽還原為氮氣，同步實現脫氮脫硫。微生物的代謝活性受環境影響顯著，最適溫度為 25-35℃，pH 值需維持在 6.5-8.0，溶解氧濃度根據菌種類型控制。

　　The core principle of biological desulfurization is the oxidation-reduction reaction of microorganisms, and different bacterial strains divide the labor to complete the conversion of sulfur. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria are the main functional microbial community that use sulfides as an energy source through respiration under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In aerobic environments, hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to elemental sulfur or sulfate ions; In anaerobic environments, certain bacteria can use nitrate as an electron acceptor to oxidize sulfides into elemental sulfur, while reducing nitrate to nitrogen gas, achieving simultaneous denitrification and desulfurization. The metabolic activity of microorganisms is significantly affected by the environment, with an optimal temperature of 25-35 ℃ and a pH value of 6.5-8.0. The dissolved oxygen concentration is controlled according to the type of bacterial strain.

　　預處理系統為微生物反應創造適宜條件，是工藝穩定運行的基礎。含硫氣體或液體進入脫硫系統前，需先去除雜質：氣體中若含粉塵，需經旋風分離器或濾袋過濾，防止堵塞生物膜載體；液體中若含重金屬，需通過沉淀或吸附去除。對高濃度含硫氣體，需進行稀釋至 5% 以下，避免濃度過高對微生物產生毒性。溫度調節也至關重要，低溫原料需預熱，高溫原料需冷卻，確保反應體系溫度穩定。

　　The pre-treatment system creates suitable conditions for microbial reactions and is the foundation for stable operation of the process. Before entering the desulfurization system, sulfur-containing gases or liquids need to remove impurities: if the gas contains dust, it needs to be filtered through a cyclone separator or filter bag to prevent clogging of the biofilm carrier; If heavy metals are present in the liquid, they need to be removed through precipitation or adsorption. For high concentration sulfur-containing gases, it is necessary to dilute them to below 5% to avoid toxicity to microorganisms caused by excessive concentration. Temperature regulation is also crucial. Low temperature raw materials need to be preheated, while high-temperature raw materials need to be cooled to ensure the temperature stability of the reaction system.

　　核心反應裝置是微生物發揮作用的場所，其結構設計直接影響脫硫效率。生物濾池是最常用的反應器類型，內部填充多孔載體，微生物在載體表面形成生物膜，含硫氣體從底部進入，與生物膜充分接觸，硫化氫去除率可達 95% 以上。生物滴濾池則通過循環噴淋液保持載體濕潤，適用于處理負荷波動大的場景。厭氧生物反應器多用于液體脫硫，通過厭氧菌群將有機硫轉化為硫化氫，再進一步氧化為單質硫，有機硫去除率≥90%，尤其適合高濃度有機硫廢水處理。

　　The core reaction device is the place where microorganisms exert their effects, and its structural design directly affects the desulfurization efficiency. Biofilters are the most commonly used type of reactor, filled with porous carriers. Microorganisms form biofilms on the surface of the carriers, and sulfur-containing gases enter from the bottom and fully contact with the biofilms. The removal rate of hydrogen sulfide can reach over 95%. The biological drip filter uses circulating spray to keep the carrier moist, making it suitable for handling scenarios with large load fluctuations. Anaerobic bioreactors are commonly used for liquid desulfurization, converting organic sulfur into hydrogen sulfide through anaerobic bacterial communities, and further oxidizing it to elemental sulfur. The organic sulfur removal rate is ≥ 90%, making it particularly suitable for the treatment of high concentration organic sulfur wastewater.

　　產物分離與回收實現硫資源的循環利用，提升工藝經濟性。反應生成的單質硫以顆粒形式存在，通過沉淀、過濾或離心分離從反應體系中提取，純度可達 90% 以上，可作為化工原料。若產物為硫酸鹽，需通過結晶或生物還原進行處理，避免直接排放導致水體富營養化。氣體產物經脫硫后，凈化氣中硫化氫濃度可降至 10ppm 以下，滿足燃燒或排放要求。

　　The separation and recovery of products achieve the recycling of sulfur resources and improve the economic efficiency of the process. The elemental sulfur generated by the reaction exists in particle form and is extracted from the reaction system through precipitation, filtration, or centrifugal separation. The purity can reach over 90% and it can be used as a chemical raw material. If the product is sulfate, it needs to be treated through crystallization or bioreduction to avoid direct discharge and eutrophication of the water body. After desulfurization, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the purified gas can be reduced to below 10ppm, meeting the requirements for combustion or emissions.

　　工藝控制與優化需兼顧微生物活性與處理效率。通過在線監測系統實時采集反應溫度、pH 值、溶解氧、硫化氫濃度等參數，當 pH 值低于 6.5 時，自動添加堿性物質調節；溶解氧不足時，增大曝氣強度；脫硫效率下降 10% 以上時，檢查菌群活性，必要時補充菌種。營養鹽需定期補充，避免因氮、磷缺乏導致菌群生長受限。對于間歇運行的系統，重啟前需先通入低濃度含硫氣體，逐步激活微生物，再恢復正常負荷。

　　Process control and optimization need to balance microbial activity and treatment efficiency. Real time collection of reaction temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen sulfide concentration and other parameters through an online monitoring system. When the pH value is below 6.5, alkaline substances are automatically added for adjustment; When the dissolved oxygen is insufficient, increase the aeration intensity; When the desulfurization efficiency decreases by more than 10%, check the activity of the microbial community and supplement the bacterial strains if necessary. Nutrients need to be regularly supplemented to avoid limiting bacterial growth due to nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency. For systems that operate intermittently, low concentration sulfur-containing gas should be introduced before restarting to gradually activate microorganisms and then restore normal load.

　　生物脫硫技術的優勢在低濃度、復雜成分的硫處理中尤為突出，但其反應速率低于化學法，因此更適合中低負荷場景。未來通過基因工程改造高效菌種、開發新型反應器、結合人工智能優化運行參數，生物脫硫將在處理效率、成本控制、資源回收等方面實現突破，進一步擴大其在環保與能源領域的應用范圍。

　　The advantages of biological desulfurization technology are particularly prominent in the treatment of low concentration and complex sulfur components, but its reaction rate is lower than that of chemical methods, making it more suitable for medium and low load scenarios. In the future, through genetic engineering to modify efficient bacterial strains, develop new reactors, and optimize operating parameters with artificial intelligence, biological desulfurization will achieve breakthroughs in treatment efficiency, cost control, resource recovery, and further expand its application scope in the fields of environmental protection and energy.

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