傳統與現代的碰撞：沼氣脫硫技術全景掃描

The collision of tradition and modernity: panoramic scanning of biogas desulfurization technology

1. 經典傳承：干法脫硫

1. Classic inheritance: dry desulfurization

干法脫硫憑借其簡易、高效且成本相對較低的特性，在沼氣量小、硫化氫濃度低的場景中應用廣泛。其核心原理是借助氧氣，將硫化氫氧化為硫或硫氧化物。常見的脫硫設備內填充活性炭、氧化鐵等填料。當沼氣以低流速通過填料層時，硫化氫發生氧化反應，凈化后的氣體從另一端排出。以氧化鐵脫硫劑為例，沼氣中的硫化氫與氧化鐵發生反應，生成硫化鐵；在有氧氣存在的條件下，硫化鐵又被氧化，使氧化鐵得以再生。為確保脫硫持續穩定，脫硫塔通常設計為一用一備，當脫硫劑失效或系統壓力損失過大時，可及時切換。不過，干法脫硫也存在短板，脫硫劑需頻繁更換，且塔體存在潛在腐蝕風險。

Dry desulfurization is widely used in scenarios with low biogas production and low hydrogen sulfide concentration due to its simplicity, efficiency, and relatively low cost. The core principle is to use oxygen to oxidize hydrogen sulfide into sulfur or sulfur oxides. Common desulfurization equipment is filled with fillers such as activated carbon and iron oxide. When biogas passes through the packing layer at a low flow rate, hydrogen sulfide undergoes oxidation reaction, and the purified gas is discharged from the other end. Taking iron oxide desulfurizer as an example, hydrogen sulfide in biogas reacts with iron oxide to produce iron sulfide; In the presence of oxygen, iron sulfide is oxidized again, allowing for the regeneration of iron oxide. To ensure continuous and stable desulfurization, the desulfurization tower is usually designed with one in use and one as backup. When the desulfurizer fails or the system pressure loss is too large, it can be switched in a timely manner. However, dry desulfurization also has shortcomings, as the desulfurizer needs to be replaced frequently and there is a potential risk of corrosion in the tower body.

2. 技術革新：濕法脫硫

2. Technological innovation: Wet desulfurization

濕法脫硫在大型脫硫工程中占據重要地位，常作為粗脫硫的首選工藝。該工藝可細分為物理吸收法、化學吸收法和氧化法。其中，氧化法以堿性溶液為吸收劑，并添加載氧體作為催化劑，能將硫化氫氧化為單質硫。在實際運行中，沼氣由下至上通過脫硫塔，碳酸鈉或氫氧化鈉溶液從頂部噴淋而下，二者充分反應，實現硫化氫的脫除。通過對出氣硫化氫濃度和 pH 值的實時監控，可實現脫硫系統的全自動運行。相較于其他方法，濕法脫硫能長期連續運行，借助 pH 值維持脫硫效率，運行費用較低。但該工藝較為復雜，需要專人值守。

Wet desulfurization plays an important role in large-scale desulfurization projects and is often the preferred process for crude desulfurization. This process can be subdivided into physical absorption method, chemical absorption method, and oxidation method. Among them, the oxidation method uses alkaline solution as the absorbent and adds oxygen carrier as the catalyst, which can oxidize hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur. In actual operation, biogas passes through the desulfurization tower from bottom to top, and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide solution sprays down from the top, fully reacting with each other to achieve the removal of hydrogen sulfide. By real-time monitoring of the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and pH value in the exhaust gas, the fully automatic operation of the desulfurization system can be achieved. Compared to other methods, wet desulfurization can operate continuously for a long time, maintain desulfurization efficiency with the help of pH value, and has lower operating costs. But the process is relatively complex and requires dedicated personnel to be on duty.

3. 綠色先鋒：生物脫硫

3. Green Pioneer: Biodesulfurization

生物脫硫技術作為 20 世紀 90 年代興起的新技術，以其高效率、低成本、高安全性等優勢，逐漸成為沼氣脫硫領域的新寵。該技術利用脫硫微生物，在特定條件下將硫化氫轉化為單質硫或硫酸。以奧地利英環 environtec 生物脫硫技術為例，將適量空氣導入含有硫化氫的沼氣中，混合氣體通過裝有特殊塑料填料的生物脫硫塔。在塔內，脫硫細菌借助營養液在填料上繁殖，吸收沼氣中的硫化氫并將其轉化為單質硫，進而生成稀硫酸。該工藝硫化氫去除率高達 98.5%，可處理硫化氫濃度高達 1.5%（15000ppm）的沼氣，且運行成本低，系統可通過在線監測實現全自動運行。

As a new technology that emerged in the 1990s, biological desulfurization technology has gradually become a new favorite in the field of biogas desulfurization due to its advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and high safety. This technology utilizes desulfurization microorganisms to convert hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid under specific conditions. Taking the Environtec biological desulfurization technology in Austria as an example, an appropriate amount of air is introduced into biogas containing hydrogen sulfide, and the mixed gas passes through a biological desulfurization tower equipped with special plastic packing. Inside the tower, desulfurization bacteria multiply on the packing material with the help of nutrient solution, absorb hydrogen sulfide in biogas and convert it into elemental sulfur, thereby generating dilute sulfuric acid. The hydrogen sulfide removal rate of this process is as high as 98.5%, and it can treat biogas with a hydrogen sulfide concentration of up to 1.5% (15000ppm). The operating cost is low, and the system can achieve fully automatic operation through online monitoring.

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